The Passage And Impact Of USA Patriot Act - Free Essay Example

A Paper by Tyler Clay Mr. Hoban: 4th Period I chose to write about the USA PATRIOT Act because it was passed within my lifetime. Its purpose and the actions used because of it will greatly affect me in my lifetime and I wanted to know how it could affect me and what the Act actually contained. I had heard about the Act constanly on the news and knew that it was controversial. I wanted to hear both sides of the story, and in writing this paper, I did. Tyler Clay Mr. Hoban Honors U.S. History 14 Dec. 2010 The Passage and Impact of the U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act The PATRIOT ACT is a United States bill that was turned into law to help defend the country from terrorist attacks. It also contains measures to help investigate terrorist activities towards or within the country. After its passage on October 26, 2001, the PATRIOT Act has dramatically changed how the United States approaches and monitors terrorism. In doing this, though, the Act has also aroused critics and controversy over its constitutionality. Thi s bill has a particular name given to it that exemplifies the attitudes the United States had when the bill was passed. This bill was called the PATRIOT Act, and it was thus called because during its time of passage, there was widespread patriotism throughout the country because of a series of attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. On this day, nineteen terrorists hijacked two planes which were flown into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, New York. Sometime after the initial attacks, the two towers collapsed and the entire city was scarred with the rubble and the emotional damage caused by the trauma. Sometime after, another plane was taken over and flown into the Pentagon, the United States State Departments headquarters. The crash caused a fire and many people died in the attack, including the passengers of the plane. But Americas traumatic experience was still not over: a final plane crash was caused by even more hijackers of yet another flight which either was going to be flown into the White House or the Capitol building. Fortunately for those in Washington, the passengers of this flight took it upon themselves to fight back against the terrorists and stopped the plane from reaching its target. Instead, it crashed somewhere in the Pennsylvania countryside. After these devastating attacks on the country, the citizens of the United States began to feel mourn those they lost. In doing this, the country began to come together as one, and feelings of patriotism began to fill the hearts of the country. Americans began to want to fight back against those that had hurt them. Patriotic songs filled the airwaves and the country stood united against its new enemy: terrorism. To combat terrorism, the USA PATRIOT ACT was composed. In this bill, a plan to help bring an end to terrorist activities is outlined and separated into Titles, each of which has a different purpose. Title I outlines procedures to strengthen security within the Un ited States. It does this by establishing a counter-terrorism fund and strengthening the Federal Bureau of Investigations technical fund. Title II, the most controversial section, is a section devoted entirely to surveillance of terrorist activities. This section broadens the governments range of what it can and cannot listen into. It allows wiretapping, or listening into, phone conversations suspected to be terrorist involved, and the sharing of information through phone service providers. The next Title contains articles to stop money laundering, which as the bill states is moving money around to help fund criminal activities. Money laundering can be used by terrorists to help fund their initiatives and plots and congress wanted to put a stop to this before it could affect Americans. Title IV tightens border security in the United States. This includes checkpoints along the northern and southern borders of the United States and increased protection and security at airports and oth er international imports. Title V involves something called a National Security Letter. These are somewhat of a warrant that the Federal Bureau of Investigation uses to gather information from organizations suspected of crime. This Title strengthens these National Security Letters greatly so that they can be more useful to fight terrorism. Unfortunately for the bill, though, these extensions on the National Security Letters caused quite a bit of controversy. Title Six has little to do with combating terrorism, and more to do with repaying the families of those who either perished in the rescue attempts made in the attacks on the United States, or who actually perished in the attacks. A fund was created under this Title to pay thanks to those who were hurt or died in the attacks. Title Eight changed the criminal laws of terrorism. It did this by creating measures against those who aid terrorists, broadening the definition of terrorism, and including cyber terrorism measures. Over fifty-million was spent on new computer crime labs to help track cyber threats and cyber terrorism such as government hacking and other dangerous threats. This is the Title that actually cracks down on the criminals of the future to make sure that they are dealt with in congruence to their acts. Title IX expands upon international intelligence, especially within the Central Intelligence Agency. Many intelligence centers were set up, such as translation centers, specializing in information translation. The final Title, number Ten, includes everything that did not fit into the other Title, such as new definitions of terms like electronic terrorism and electronic surveillance. The USA PATRIOT Act is actually the combinations of many different Nine-Eleven reaction legislations, such as the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 and the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act, which included the money laundering deterrent actions that are found in the PATRIOT Act. The original PATRIOT Act or Provide Appropr iate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act was first introduced to Congress on October 2, 2001. During its time in the House of Representatives, it went under minor tweaks and after passage was known as the Uniting and Strengthening America, or USA, Act. After the passage in the House, the bill went under more revisions by House members and was reintroduced as the USA PATRIOT Act. This bill incorporated the already passed PATRIOT Act and incorporated the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act. This Act was presented to the House and passed, and Americans began to really take interest in the contents of the bill. The first prominent government figure to openly scrutinize the bill was Russ Feingold, a Senator who was the only person to oppose the passage of the bill in Congress. His concerns included the hurried passage of the bill, wiretapping, and the change of the way immigrants would be dealt with. Russ Feingold was not the only person to take on the USA PATRIOT Act, tho ugh. The media took quite an interest into bashing the new legislation. Movies, television, and news incorporated the act into their scripts. Michael Moore uses it in his movie Fahrenheit 9/11, Law and Order has used it many times in its plots, often with negative portrayals of the Act. Americans must have begun to see these interpretations of the law, and began to show it in polls, such as the Gallup News poll which stated that by 2003, public support was decreasing and that twenty-five percent of the public thought that the bill went too far and was beginning to invade their privacy. Americans were beginning to get worried that the balance between national security and their rights as citizens was beginning to tip in the wrong direction. No citizen wanted their rights and privacy trampled upon. The EPIC, or Electronic Privacy Information Center, which upholds and does its best to protect the rights of Americans on the Internet, using phones, and other forms of communication, op posed the bill and even went as far as to call it unconstitutional. But one other organization, with quite a bit of civil rights protection history under its belt also took on this bill. The American Civil Liberties Union, majorly known as the ACLU, is definitely the largest and most outspoken protestor of the USA PATRIOT Act. The Union began its campaign against the bill immediately after it was introduced to Congress. After its passage, though, it began to support legislation that would limit the bills power, and even repeal it. The bills that the ACLU supported included the Protecting the Rights of Individuals Act, which attempted to limit the privacy and process changing sections of the PATRIOT Act. Another bill supported by the Liberties Union was the Benjamin Franklin True Patriot Act. This Act would give the PATRIOT Act a test period of ninety days. After that, its effects would have been reviewed and it would be represented to Congress for extension or repeal. Neither the Protecting Rights bill nor the Benjamin Franklin Act passed, and the American Civil Liberties Union had to find a new way to challenge the PATRIOT Act. The National Security Letters in the fifth section of the bill was a major cause of concern to the ACLU. To combat it, the Union found a client to represent, who remained anonymous, and took the case to the courts. Though the case was of national interest and could change the way the country was protected, much of the case was kept confidential. This is because the case involved information obtained in the search of an internet provider, the client, who was searched with authorization given through National Security Letters. The American Civil Liberties Union used the First and the Fourth Amendments as their prosecuting evidence. They stated that without proper legal procedure to defend themselves from investigation. The Supreme Court found that this portion of the Act was unconstitutional, but only if the NSLs were used for n on-terrorist investigations. Though the bill was constantly being opposed, some law makers found that the Act did not go far enough. After three years without any new anti-terrorism laws, a new law was introduced to congress. It was called the Tools to Fight Terrorism Act. This legislation was introduced despite the growing unpopularity of the PATRIOT Act. The Tools Act would give the Federal Bureau of Investigation even more power and surveillance opportunities. The Senate found that this bill was too much, especially since it was already on thin ice about the PATIOT Act, and subsequently congress denied to take the Tools to Fight Terrorism Act any further. Despite constant criticism by the public, the media, and the government, the PATRIOT Act is still in effect, today. This is because it has been constantly reinstated by congress. In 2004, the bill was coming upon its expiration. President Bush pushed for the Act to be reinstated in his State of the Union Address and many othe r speeches he gave to the public. Though people were disliking the bill, they recognized that they still understood that they needed to sacrifice some of their personal privacy to protect the nations physical and economic security. The new Attorney General also saw this, and pushed for the PATRIOT Act to be reauthorized, with a few changes. Congress took the bill in and created a reinstatement bill, called the USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005. This bill was taken into the Senate, where a few amendments were made, and the Reauthorization Act was passed. It then headed to the House of Representatives. The House did not agree with many of the Amendments included in the Senates version of the bill. This created a continuous tug of war between the House and the Senate. Finally, after many prominent Republican sent letters to the Senate, the bill was passed again in the Senate by a very heavy majority. The House passed the bill later on, and on March 8, 200 6, the President of the United States, George W. Bush, signed the USA PATIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 back into law. The Act continues to be vital in our countrys process of monitoring and defending against terrorism. Without it, who knows what sort of security situation our country would be in today? The USA PATRIOT Act was a very prominent piece of legislation in our countrys recent history. It changed how our country approached and combated terrorism since its original passage in 2001 and continues to be used to this day to protect our nation. But, in doing this, it has created controversy over its constitutionality. Ultimately, though, this bill has helped our nation progress against its new enemy: domestic terrorism. Hopefully, this act will continue to prove itself in the future.

Topics For Cause And Effect Essay

Points For Cause And Effect EssayAs an understudy, you most likely know about the subject of what to compose on a school article. In any case, there are times when you need to dive further into this subject, so this article will take a gander at the themes for circumstances and logical results essay.A circumstances and logical results paper are an incredible method to recount to your story or proposal. It will show that you were keen regarding the matter for quite a while. It may be a determination to your theory, a summation of your thinking or a diagram of what occurred during the examination. The issue is to ensure that the substance is legitimately introduced, and something that you would need to show others when they ask you what you did all summer.One enormous plan in the first place is to utilize the idea of circumstances and logical results to give setting to your whole examination. In doing as such, you will have a chance to bring up where your advantage was framed. How did you initially meet the teacher? Did you sit close to the popular entertainer or melodic craftsman? When did you initially find your enthusiasm for the field?The second idea is the way that you are taking a gander at the outcomes of your activities. This is the reason the subsequent section is so significant in a wide range of subjects. By giving the peruser a second to consider what they gained from your examination, you can remember the data for a point of view that will assist them with deduction about your inclinations and their consequences.When composing your full expositions, make certain to focus on which branches of knowledge you should concentrate on. For instance, on the off chance that you composed an investigation on the great musical crew, it is imperative to underline the vocations of performers. The band can fill in as the point of convergence of your entire paper, or it can fill in as a way to discuss different things you found out about the course. By giving models that delineate your advantage, you will show how your advantage made the experience significantly more fun.A third point for circumstances and logical results may be one that is absolutely random to any genuine theme. The drawback to this is there will be no substantial outcomes, yet you will get the chance to recount to your own story. In the event that you spend your entire summer becoming acquainted with somebody, you will in any case spend the remainder of the year gathering data on that individual. All in all, why not simply show how you gained from their encounters? You can likewise show your energy by referencing the individuals who are identified with you, regardless of whether they are associated with the subject.The point for circumstances and logical results article is something you will see a great deal of. When composing your exposition, think about the idea of causality. At that point, consider how it applies to your examinations.

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Successful Tips for Motivation Research Paper Topics That You Can Begin to Use Today

Fruitful Tips for Motivation Research Paper Topics That You Can Begin to Use Today Motivation Research Paper Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! The internal kind of inspiration is the understudy's individual appreciation of the value of training and the advantages which could be picked up while the understudy improves his comprehension and methods. An individual will talk about inspiration and offer models about how it impacts an individual on customary premise. In more extensive sense, the inspiration is a technique of empowering ourselves and others to understand certain goals. Characteristic inspiration is what originates from inside somebody. How to Get Started with Motivation Research Paper Topics? Expressly express the manner in which the experience is related with the particular hypothesis of inspiration. In most of examples, the cash utilized as a spark isn't adequate to be an image of a major adjustment to an individual's status or lifestyle. 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How to Find the Best Writing Jobs

<h1>How to Find the Best Writing Jobs</h1><p>There are numerous employments for a paper author in US, and one of the most well-known is in the promoting business. Paper journalists are recruited to make successful advertising efforts, and they are regularly given a while to complete an assignment.</p><p></p><p>With such huge numbers of employments for an article essayist in US, it might be somewhat astounding to realize that simply like with different experts, scholars have an upper and lower scope of compensations. The higher the pay, the more renowned the composing employment will be. A superior composing employment will imply that an author will get the chance to travel and experience increasingly various sorts of cultures.</p><p></p><p>To secure the best composing positions, the essayist should search for places that pay well and are of a high caliber. High caliber and low pay rates go connected at the hip, and all composing occupations should be serious for workers to remain in the business. Consistently, numerous journalists decide to telecommute, and outsourcing is an extraordinary method to begin recorded as a hard copy, and afterward keep stirring your way up to composing full time. On the off chance that you are a specialist in a couple of zones, you can utilize your abilities to expound on those territories, and others will employ you to expound on their business.</p><p></p><p>For model, on the off chance that you are a specialist in deals, you can expound on these points for various kinds of organizations, and afterward they will recruit you to compose on themes applicable to the organization's business. This can be a decent method to take a shot at your resume, as you show that you have enough information to expound on these points, and could even assist you with getting a greater paying job.</p><p></p><p>To secure the best composing po sitions, the essayist must glance at the necessities for the position, and quest online for sites that will list these prerequisites. Regularly, you should have involvement with English creation and research, so ensure you have this capacity. Likewise, you should have the option to compose unmistakably and in an organized way, and be a decent communicator.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise need to check with your manager to perceive what kind of instruction they require for the composing employments, and what the instructive prerequisites are for the organization you are meeting with. Most organizations would prefer not to pay for school courses, and some won't employ individuals with no degree. Along these lines, this implies the individual needs to persuade the business that the instruction merits paying for.</p><p></p><p>For scholars who have a propelled degree, they may have a simpler time landing composing positions, however a few or ganizations incline toward individuals who have a base measure of involvement with composing. A few organizations even lean toward independent laborers to the individuals who are utilized full time. Be that as it may, there are still a great deal of organizations out there who want to enlist proficient journalists, particularly when they have to know something in a brief time of time.</p><p></p><p>Some managers need to know the objectives of the association, and need to know how you will achieve these objectives, so they will give the author a brief timeframe to compose the mentioned expositions. If so, it is consistently a smart thought to compose well, and you ought to be efficient to ensure that your work is done on time.</p>

The Undisputed Truth About Technical Approach in Writing a Essay That the Experts Dont Want You to Know

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`` Don t Run `` - 786 Words

â€Å"DON’T RUN!† is a phrase my dad has been telling me for the last 29 years because I was born with a form of left and right knee dislocations and was expected to be wheelchair bound for the rest of my life. Shortly after birth, I was referred to a pediatrician that cast my legs for 5 months, changing the casts out weekly. Because of my pediatrician’s love of medicine, I live with no physical restrictions. As I grew older, I began to appreciate my blessings while developing a passion for impacting and healing others in the medical field. My â€Å"don’t run† mentality, as I like to call it, became an unshakeable plague. Throughout early adulthood, â€Å"I can’t† was the creed I would follow. My lack of confidence and immaturity led to many of my downfalls, which included several failed attempts at completing my undergraduate degree. At age 21, I withdrew from college mid-semester, married and moved to Japan with my husband. I suffered a miscarriage shortly after, which was the final devastation that fueled my desire to accomplish more for myself. I re-enrolled and proudly finished my BS in Psychology. Following college and a divorce, I worked as a retention specialist at Time Warner. I found great satisfaction in resolving complex issues and delivering excellent customer care. I won several awards during my two-year tenure with the company for going above and beyond for my clients and peers. However, I was determined to pursue a career in the medicine, but I was still unsure in whatShow Mo reRelatedDon t Vote And Run2406 Words   |  10 PagesDon’t Vote and Run In 2013, Pennsylvania was ranked 3rd in the country for global warming pollution. Pennsylvania is at risk of falling behind on key environmental indicators that will impact economic policy at the state level for years to come. 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MLK Essay Topics

<h1>MLK Essay Topics</h1><p>The greater part of your MLK articles will be a depiction of occasions, characters, thoughts, individuals, and issues. You can utilize those things to begin a point for your MLK paper topics.</p><p></p><p>What I discover causes is to take your preferred subject (discourse or other exposition), state it for all to hear, 'rehash' it while you think about the issue or occasion. Discover a sentence that identifies with your genuine encounter. For instance, on the off chance that you are taking a shot at making an educational program for a school, you may state something like, 'The educational plan ought to incorporate the accompanying exercise plan: ... The understudies ought to be shown how to...' Instead of expounding on the 'educational plan,' expound on the movement you did. With that kind of one-sentence thought, you may likewise need to include 'and how to do it.'</p><p></p><p>You will hav e two options here. You can expound on what you did that day, or you can expound on the exercises you did that day. The previous appears to me bound to get the word out about your writing.</p><p></p><p>Once you have composed a couple of sentences that identify with your work, don't stress over spelling, syntax, or accentuation. Simply put all that into the 'what' heap. That is the manner in which it works in life.</p><p></p><p>The next part is to write down and recall what kind of letter you will send. At the point when you are composing your MLK paper themes, I propose the term 'practice letter.' You are keeping in touch with yourself, so it is smarter to give yourself a genuine case of how you will get along. At the point when you are composing the letters, make certain to incorporate the significant data and inquire as to whether you recalled some of it correctly.</p><p></p><p>Make sure to utilize agendas in your training letters. This is something that you can use in your reference materials and your own mind.</p><p></p><p>The last thing I will specify about paper themes for your MLK grants is that they will be harder. It is anything but difficult to be exhausting. In any case, remember that it is your presentation in general individual that will be the best portrayal of your accomplishments. Think about your exposition themes as a collection of previews, and you will be a winner.</p><p></p><p>Thank you for setting aside the effort to peruse this article. I trust you have discovered it helpful.</p>

A Comparison and Contrast Essay Topic List

A Comparison and Contrast Essay Topic ListMost students use a comparison and contrast essay topic list during the course of their studies. It is the guide that they can refer to, if they run into difficulty. This guide allows them to know what essay topics are required for a grade and what subjects will be covered in their final paper.Students who do not know this guide know it well. They just tend to rely on their own expertise, and usually tend to give more attention to subjects that they know well. Instead of getting a higher grade because they compare and contrast essays, students would get a lower grade simply because they did not research the topic well enough.The student should be able to research and compile a topic list well before the deadline for their essays. A big disadvantage is that many students only work on their topic lists once or twice before they submit their final papers.This happens because when the essay comes to them they have no ideas or specific information on what they want to write about. Therefore, they tend to just do an amalgamation of various subjects. When it comes to writing for your final exam, a good outline is an essential ingredient.Comparing and contrasting essay topics also require a bit of research. You need to be able to read other people's essays so that you are familiar with how they are written and what they are talking about.Interest must be the main factor when writing a comparison and contrast essay. You have to find out whether the author is someone who makes mistakes, or someone who writes well and has a passion in his work.Personality is another important area which you have to consider. You must know what other people think about your subject. Read about how other students feel about a certain topic and see how your subject would look like when you put your own point of view on it.Take note of the questions that the other students ask and what subjects are frequently asked about. You must then be able to addr ess the same subjects in your essay in order to get a higher grade for your subject.

Critical Thinking Paper Writing Services - Useful Tips For Better Results

<h1>Critical Thinking Paper Writing Services - Useful Tips For Better Results</h1><p>Critical thinking paper composing administrations are in incredible interest by a great deal of people who are currently paying attention to their needs. The administration is anything but difficult to utilize and you can do it all alone or you can likewise talk with them for better results.</p><p></p><p>You can pick the best basic reasoning paper composing administration that suits your inclination as indicated by your decision. The administrations accessible on the web are powerful as well as affordable. So you don't need to spend a lot on them and you can likewise get the expert help.</p><p></p><p>Generally, the basic reasoning paper composing administrations don't require any installment for the administrations. However, the truth of the matter is that you can see and converse with the organization delegates face to face for better administrations. You ought to consistently request a composed agreement of the arrangement so that there are no inquiries in the future.</p><p></p><p>The individuals who do the basic reasoning paper composing administrations will compose something that offers significance to the points that come into the psyche of the customers. These subjects are taken from the intended interest group and investigate them. This is done to offer the most ideal types of assistance. It will likewise help the intended interest group to be very much educated about the topic.</p><p></p><p>The composing will be done in a compact and efficient way with the goal that significant focuses are examined. When these focuses are examined, they will settle on the end and offer it to the customer. The organization ought to be extremely cautious while drafting the end. They will utilize the most ideal strategy so the end has all the pertinent data that is critical to the readers.</p><p></p><p>So the customers will feel that they have done great research on the point and you will get a full data with no disarray. At the point when you do the basic reasoning paper composing administrations, the objective is to respond to the inquiries that are presented by the perusers. It is significant that the objectives think about the genuine occasions since this will assist them with remaining liberated from the peril of engaging in scams.</p><p></p><p>The fundamental occupation of the basic reasoning paper composing administrations is to think and propose the proper answers for all issues identified with the business. The primary reason for utilizing these administrations is to give top notch answers for the perusers. So you should never settle on the nature of administrations gave by these administration providers.</p><p></p><p>You must ensure that you are sending the correct message t o your clients and others who have not yet purchased the item. The principle point of utilizing these administrations is to get the most extreme number of clients. A ton of clients are going to profit by the previously mentioned administrations. The more the clients, the more will be the benefits of the company.</p>

College Essay Writing Advice For Byu

College Essay Writing Advice For ByuIf you are taking college essays seriously, here are some tips on how to write better. Not all of the tips are necessarily good, but they can help in writing a successful college essay.One of the best advice is to make the most of the student's strengths and weaknesses. Consider the student's interests and strengths. That will help them in writing a proper essay.When writing a professional essay, read well. For example, research well and use sources. Your writing will be more polished and professional, if you can search well. Read sources carefully and understand their purpose.Ask for basic information and sources when preparing the essay. That will help you in answering questions from the admissions committee.You need to add key words to the beginning of your essay. Key words are common words that people frequently use. They are usually in simple phrases and sentences. Write your essay with keywords in mind.Make sure that your essay is concise. Al so, use short sentences to make your thoughts more clear. Your topic and purpose should also be clear in the first paragraph. In the middle of the essay, summarize the main points of the essay so that the reader understands what you are trying to say.The main point of your essay is the main point of your entire grade. It should always be relevant and concrete. Put yourself in the student's shoes and ask yourself if you know the topic well enough. Always use sources, but be careful in using those that have not been properly checked. Essay writing is an art, but it is still easy to master. Following this advice for Byu College can help you get better essay writing results.

An Actionable Tutorial on Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay in Simple Step by Step Order

An Actionable Tutorial on Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay in Simple Step by Step Order Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay - the Conspiracy He defines it as an issue of faith and the only phenomena that makes it possible for somebody to believe in self. It was just in the destruction of that life which he managed to liberate himself. 25The choice to deepen the religious vow could be regarded as the transgression of the tradition. The very first phase of contemporary drama began in the late 19th century with the growth of romanticism. Click the one which you like to see the most. Theater is thought to be an energy as it is a calculated act from beginning to finish. There were 200-275 new productions each year typically. The growth of Broadway, particularly in the early 1900s made it one of the most obvious regions of theatre culture on earth. Lighting effects may also play a major role in a puppet production. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Scroll down the page in order to see extra essay samples which might help you in producing your very own literary essay. Camus' most famed essay on this issue of the absurd was written exactly about Sizif. The songs or cuicatl can be simplified into three principal categories. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. An essay on one of the next topics ought to be handed in to the. Replace a number of the cliched language. The Foolproof Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay Strategy Australian Contemporary theatre is a tool to deal with those thoughts that are part of Australian life. Contemporary performance provides a more expansive array of experiences. Students need to create critical and visual thinking abilities to be able to develop effective parts of performances. This is the way absurd can be understood on the frequent level. The 2 sets for both movements made the audience focus on various points of view. Nevertheless, for anyone who'd like to talk about the problem of the Filipino contemporary theatre, the difficult and very complicated postcolonial history of the nation appears among the key challenges. It is crucial to bear in mind that persons want to be neither intellectually advanced nor educated theatre scholars to take part in this processes. The subsequent developmental locations and view points illustrate major relevance of theatre arts in kids and higher school students. Schools are institutions intended to develop student's skills in all facets of life and permit them realize their talents and capabilities. A prime illustration is Twyla Tharp. Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay at a Glance Theatre is the sole thing of progress that has endured the test of time. A film is observed by millions of people around the country in the very first week of its release. The New Fuss About Samples of Contemporary Theatre Essay The majority of the famous Filipinos especially actors who are employed in television productions (the Pilipino stars) tend to get a specific look. Musical accompaniment is a significant feature of several puppet shows. Theatrical costumes are made t o support the script. Within this kind of theatre the text, or joruri, is chanted by means of a tayu who's accompanied by means of a musician on a three-stringed instrument known as a samisen. Iphigenia's' character also needs to be pondered upon. Last, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. Adhere to the essentials of simple learning. A review is intended to evaluate works of art. More than 500,000 copies of Adrian's design proved reputedly sold at each price point the moment the film opened. Further information regarding the reach of the journal are available here. This example proves that even for an engineer with years of experience in the specialty, the basics of private essay writing remain the exact same.

Marijuana Is The Safest Of All Recreational Drugs

Cannabis, also commonly known as marijuana, is the most widely used illegal recreational drug. Recreational drugs are used to alter states of consciousness and heighten mood. Out of all recreational drugs, marijuana use ranks among alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine use. Marijuana refers to dried leaves and flowers from the Cannabis sativa plant. When smoked or ingested, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is absorbed through the bloodstream and carried to the brain and other organs. THC is a mind-altering chemical that attracts most to the drug because of the â€Å"high† it gives. Marijuana causes the user’s eyes to redden, increases heart rate and relaxes muscles. It may also cause mouth dryness and increased feeling of hunger. Studies have shown that marijuana is the safest of all recreational drugs but it is still classified under schedule I controlled substances by the government. Schedule I controlled substances are drugs with high potential for abuse. Because of this , marijuana is grouped with drugs such as heroin, LSD, and ecstasy and is illegal to possess or consume. Recently, the use of medical marijuana has increased greatly. Some doctors argue that it can be a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, and other conditions. There has been an intense debate over the legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational use. Unfortunately, many helpful aspects of marijuana are overlooked by government officials and those that opposeShow MoreRelatedCannabis: Keeps the Mind Balanced681 Words   |  3 PagesDrugs in America Cannabis- Keeps the Mind Balanced Marijuana also known Cannabis is the most common recreational drug of choice in modern day society. Although marijuana is currently one of the most controversial drugs, it is statistically the safest of any drug in the United States and around the world yet it is still illegal. Aside the recreational use of marijuana; it can be used as a pain reliever and a relaxant. Marijuana is extremely beneficial to cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, and multi sclerosisRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1004 Words   |  5 Pagesresult of marijuana use. That’s wrong. That has got to change†¦In my view the time is long overdue for us to remove the federal prohibition on marijuana.† In our everchanging society, there is still a violent stigma surrounding the usage of marijuana, because most people are not properly informed of the facts. Cannabis is the third most widely used recreational drug, after alcohol and tobacco (About Marijuana). Yet, it is the only contender out of those thre e that is not legal. While marijuana is veryRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1087 Words   |  5 Pagesheard as slang for marijuana. It is a cannabis plant that is most commonly used when the leaves are shredded and then hand rolled into cigarettes to be smoke. Many people see marijuana as a gateway drug, leading to other more hardcore drugs. Which is why it has been made illegal by the United States Federal Government in all 50 states. But some states have decided the federal government does not know what the people of their state do or do not need, so they have legalized marijuana for either just medicalRead MoreEssay about Medical Marijuana1525 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is medicine. It has been used for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of ailments. Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) was legal in the United States for all purposes - industrial and recreational, as well as medicinal until 1937. Today, only eight Americans are legally allowed to use marijuana as medicine. NORML is working to restore marijuanas availability as medicine. Medicinal Value Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically Read MoreLegalization Of Marijuana Should Be Regulated987 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of marijuana in the United States used to be a rather taboo subject. The infamous slogans of â€Å"Just Say No† and â€Å"Reefer Madness† filled the ears of society and many listened. However, in recent years marijuana legalization has come to the forefront of politics, as more and more Americans are opening up to the idea of legalizing marijuana nation wide for medical and recreational purposes. With about half of adults in the United States in favor of legalizing marijuana it shows that this mayRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pagesproductive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to sc hools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate both the conditions of schools themselves, as well as provide moreRead MoreDrug Use in America Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesillegal drugs have plagued American citizens and their youth for as long as the country has been in existence. These harmful drugs are not only responsible for countless amounts of deaths, but the corruption of the American society in general. All too many times have these drugs been blamed for insanity, racism, rebellion, and straight up violence. Today the government is spending approximately $19.179 billion in one year to combat these evils (Gifford). Unfortunately, even with all of this effortRead MoreEssay about Should Marijuana Be Legalized in the United States?1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of legalizing recreational marijuana in the United States has been a very controversial one. States such as Colorado and Washington have gone on the offensive and have legalized recreational marijuana and have enjoyed the high revenues brought in from cannabis sale. On the other hand other states have kept low profiles because they are wary of the possible negative outcomes of legalizing recreational marijuana and are using the states of Colorado and Washington as guinea pigs to see whatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana The truths about marijuana are slowly starting to resurface, the government keeps ignoring that cannabis could one day be as powerful for the U.S. Unfortunately, these truths about marijuana are under a lot of criticism because of the stereotype of what people see as a marijuana or cannabis smoker. There is a great difficulty in this law because marijuana is still recognized as a harmful and dangerous substance in some states. This can cause problems because each state has their differentRead MoreEffects Of Legalizing Weed On The Body1802 Words   |  8 Pagesor using any kind of drugs, your perception is still being distorted and you don’t have a clear understanding of what is going on in your surroundings. The anonymous bloggers of this blog mention the health factors that go with the intake of marijuana. It can be damaging to the brain, you can develop corrupt lung health, and there is a high risk of heart disease and even poor mental health (â€Å"19 Primary Pros and Con s of Legalizing Weed†). Along with the negative effects marijuana has on the body, there

Mass Media and Development free essay sample

UNIT 2 DEVELOPMENT. COMMUNICATION Structure 2. 0 Objectives Introduction Concept and Definitions Philosophy of Development Communication Role of the Media in Development Communication Communication Needs and Resources Strategies in Development Communication Case Studies and Experience 2. 7. 1 Scavenger Development Programme of Indonesia: Case Study-I 2. 7. 2 Site Project: Case Study-II 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 Let Us Sum Up Further Reading 2. 10 Check Your Progress: Modei Answers After going through this unit, you should be able to: tate what the Development Communication is; explain the meaning, concept, elements and pt. ilosophy of ~ e v e l o ~ m e n t i~ommunication; state the role of the Media in Development; describe the important approaches to the Development Communication; m explain the importance of identifying cornrnunicr ionneeds and resource, and explain how communication strategies are formulated for devdopment. In unit-1 of this block, we described to you the various concepts of development, and distinguished the alternative approaches to the process of development. We also appraised you about the development experience of the Third World Countries, including India. In this unit, we shall relate these concepts of development to the process of communication. In the present unit, we shall discuss the qualities of development communication. We shall also see how these qualities are being applied in various developmental projects. We shall evaluate the results and identify the weaknesses of development projects. And hopefully, once you are well acquainted with the working of communication in the area of development, you yourself will be able to implement some of the positive aspects of development communication in your projects, work, etc. I 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Communication is an important input in developmdt. Communication experts, sociologists, psychologists and economists agree that the proper use of communication can foster the pace and process of d e v e l o p m . In general terms, communication means interaction between two individuals or within a group or a community or a nation. In this type of communication, the four principle elements are a communication source, a message, a channel or medium and a receiver or audience. We have discussed these elements in detail in the first block of Course-I: Introduction to Journalism and Mass Medla and Development Mass Communication. We described the flow of communication in these units. But in development communication it becomes the process of affecting or influencing behaviour of individuals or groups towards certain desired goals and objectives, necessarily for the benefit of the entire society. Thus, the receiver is expected to show the behaviour desired by the source of communication. Development communication is a relatively younger field of study within the discipline of communication. Like the science of communication,development communication has come to stay. However, we should always remember that development communication is only one of the elements or inputs for speedy progress and development. Development communication is mainly concerned with the role of information and communication in social and economic development of an individual, society and nation. It identifies what mass media can do directly ot indirectly to improve the quality of life to both urban and m 1 masses. a Activity 1 You must be aware of vatjods yivertisements broadcast through the All,In,dia Radio (AIR) telecast by the Doordarshao. In your left hand side column, list all ten and advertisements. In the second column, wtite in short phrases the message of each of them, in the third column identify the target audienceJgroupfor each advertisement, and in the fourth column give your opinion as to whether or not they would bring any. development, if practicod/utilised/adopted. For example: Rin soap (1) Cleans clothes better (2) Housewives Yes will help people to be clean (4) I (3) i .. / .. .. . . L 2. 2 CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS Let us begin with the definitions and concepts of development communication. We should not discuss the development, because various facets of development have already been discussed in Unit 1 of this block. We can only add here that development has moved from Ecoaomk Approaches to Sociological Approaches, where all round improvement of human beings is emphasized. What do we understand by the term development communication? According to Nora Quebral(1975), development communication is the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human potential. Let us discuss the various concepts which Nora Quebral has used in this famous definition of hers. She said that development communication was the art and science. Generally, we at presume that r and science do not go together. But, as far as this definition is concerned, they can be together. Development communication is art, btcause one has to create his strategy, and programme to communicate to his target audience. To communicate his message he will create probab1y. a song, a drama, a talk, a poster, a fl or a skit. Nora calls im development communication a science, because it follows a process, a system. If one gives X inputs, Y will be the output. In some cases, one may predict the output with a given input with other conditions remaining the same. Therefore, when she says that it is the art and science of human communication, we have to comprehend it from these perspectives. Development communication is an art and at the same time a science. It works with the human hearts (because it is an art) and brain (becp:e 3 :s a science) to yield a result which can be measured in tenns of economical growth. For e x w e , advantages of adopting a high yielding variety of seed may be propogated through a radio skit. This skit, when understood by the farmers, motivates them to use the seeds for their own fields. And they may have increased harvests which will definitely provide them with a higher income. Rogers (1983) says, development communication refers to the uses to which communication is put in order to further development. Such applications are intended to either further development in a general way, such as by increasing the level of the mass media exposure among a nations citizens, in order to create a favourable climate for development, or to support a specific development programme or project (this type of development communication is often termed as developmeht-support communication DSC. Development Communication Mass Media and ~ e v e ~ i ~ t n e n t Everett M. Rogers, a famous communication scholar, in the above mentioned definitian says the application of communication for the development will creak an environment or climate. This climate or environment may be of two types: (a) physical climate and (b) psychological climate. When knowledge about something is propagated or disseminated among a large number of people, the users find many relevant things around them, say a special kind of fertilizer. The radio prograqxiics could be heard, the TV programmes could be seen or posters could be s e m on the vaFi on that particular fertilizer. This may be cgled physical climate. Now, the dissemessage about the feklizcr works on the psyche of the people. The qM information t p through the various communication media create a favourable attitude towards the new fertilizer. In the long run, they might use or adopt it, if possible. But, definitely, resistance from the people in general will be the minimum. Thus, with these two types of climates, the use of the new fertilizer might be multiplied at a fast pacespeed. Thus, economic development, as far as earning from of the agricultural products is concerned, could be quite encouraging. F. Rosario Braid is of the opinion that development communication is an element of the management process in the overall planning and implementation of development programs. Development communication is, in a broad sense, the identification and utilization of appropriate expertise in the developmentprocess that will assist in increasing participating of intended beneficiaries at the grassroots le vel. Thus, hvelopment communication is communication wit. a social conscience. Rosario Braid emphasizes that development communication is nothing but an element in the process of a project. Generally, it is the decision of the management to utilise communication to disseminate information about their project, if and when tiiey feel it appropriate. Suppose a contraoeptive company would like to market a new contraceptive for the males. The management might like to usc the radio spots, television spots, hoardings, posters, etc. to inform the target audience about the usefulness and availability of the new contraceptive. It is really an important segment in the whole scheme of management at the present time. A good and. useful management strategy would always identify the important elements and ake the users conscious about them. Development communication has two primary roles: a) A tradorming role, as it seeks social change in the direction of the higher quality of IUe. The higher quality of life can be achieved in various ways. Might be by adopting all the required vaccines for the infants of each family of the society, Some countries might adopt techniques of producing enough food for the citizen. Some countries might systematically and scientifically break all the myths surrounding various religious and social customs. And communication could be a marvelous instrument to achieve these objectives. ) A socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. In playing these roles, development communication seeks to create an atmosphere for change as well as providing innovation through which society may change. Each and every society has some traditional values. These values give the people of each society an identity and a sense of belonging. The aspiratiofis of a society sometimes are embeded in these values. Now, the values, customs and beliefs of other societies might make inroads into other societies. If, the people are n6t careful, they might be taken off their ground by the new incoming sets of values. communication can play a very vital role by making the people aware about this pitfall. It can also help immensely by drawing the attention of the members of a society to the richness of their own valued, customs, beliefs and, above all, aspirations. , ( b ( I Check Your Progre88 1 Note: i) U e the space below f ~your answers. s r ii) Cornp your answers with those given at the end of this unit. II . . I I 1) What do you mean by development communication? Answer in thiee sentences. .. $ DevelopmentCommenlcation 7 2) You have came across three definitions of development cominunication given by three eminent scholars. Please write down the concepts used in their definitions in the right-hand colutnn. The. corresponding names ,of the authors are given on the left hand column. A. Nora C. Quebral Concepts of [emailprotected] coqmunication B. Everett M. Rogers . .:.. r. . .. .. , . I 23 PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT . COMMUNICATION In many ways the philosophy of development communication is different from what we normally understand by communication. Development communication is: . purposive positive pragmatic Let US elaborate each of the aspects of development communication: . Development Communicationis Purposive:You should note here that other communication scholars hold that communication is and should be ethically non-purposive. A non-purposive message is one, which is transmitted to a receiver directly or by means of a channel (e. . , mass media) without any intention to influence the receiver. But, in development communication, one looks for specific behavioral objectives, such as getting farmers to go in for a specific variety of seed, pesticide, etc. Development Communication is Positive:In development communication,positive value is attached to what one communicateH about. Take the example of the high yielding variety of seed. Once adopted, the farmers can in crease their harvest manifold. T i means more income hs wGch can be utilised to buy land, cattle or equipments. This is what we mean by positive value attached to development communication. Development Communication b Pragmatic: In this context, we might define pragmatic as practical and purposeful. In development commudcation, the purpose of communication is important. Let . us assume that we want the farmers to plant a particular rice variety or the so-called miracle rice. The judgement or evaluation of communication does not rest on the mere invention of communication activities performed, such as the number . of the press releases issued or the number of farm visits made. Findings have showed that mere increase in thc. low of information does not necessarily result in those behavioral changes, which are desired to be achieved. So, the development communicator is more concernedkith What do I want to communicate? With what objectives? , and Did I get the intended results? If so, how well did I communjcate? Language, treatment style, and grammar take the back Fat to clarify the message and its effectiveness in producing the desired outcome. . Mass Media and Development Activity 2 Take todays newspaper that you subscribe to or take any newspaper that you can lay your hands on. List all the advertisements, and find out whether they are positive or not. Advertisement Message [ Positive .. I Yes 1 Yes I Yes [ [ [ I No I No I No .. .. [ I Yes [ I No .. ] Y e s [ I N 0 [ I Yes [ I No .. [ I Yes [ 1 No .. .. [ [ [ ] Y e s [ ] N o I Yes [ I No I .. Check Your Progress 2 Nde: i) Use the space below for your answer. ] Y e s [ ] N o ! i) Compare your answer with the one given at the end of this unit 1) You have just read that development communication is purposive, positive and pragmatic. Using the space,given below, please explain in your own words what do you mean ,by each of them? Purposive . .: i Positive .. Pragmatic .. iii) iv) Teach those ideas, skills and atfitudes that people need to achieve for a better life. Create and maintain a base of consensus that is needed for the stability of the state. You must be knowing the meaning of empathy. Daniel Lerner used this term with a particular emphasis on the aspirations for a new identity. Suppose, you have a goal of building a decent house so that you can live with the minimum hassels. You dream about it, you aspire for it. We can say that you empathize with it. Here, Lerner said that people of any given society must think and aspire for a better life. If they do so, then they are emphathetic about a better life. To perform these roles, the media keeps the development orientation in its perspective. Three approaches have been identified in relating communication to development. These are empathy, diffusion, and multiplying of information. We shall discuss each separately, individually. 1 ) Empathy: Daniel Lerner (1958) in his book, Passing d Traditional Society, saw the problem of modernizing traditional societies. He saw the spread of literacy resulting from urbanization as a necessary precondition to more complete modernization that would include participatory political institutions. Development was largely a matter of increasing productivity. And to increase this productivity one must aspire, and it must begin in thepsyche of the people. Hence, it is basically psychological. Urbanization literacy the mass media exposure + economic and political participation 4 According to D. Lerner, development failed to because peasants were unable to empathise or imaginatively identify with the new role, and a changed and better way of life and so remained fatalistic unambitious and resistant to change. Every change in society must originate and begin in the hearts of the pkople. If the people would like to change, only then the development would begin. What is required is that some means of providing such people with clues as to what better things in life might be. Lerner saw the media as filling this need of prqmoting interest among the people for a better life. Not only that, he saw the media as machines, inspiring people for better thingsin life. He said empathy endows a person with the capacity to imagine himself as proprietor of a big grockry store in a city, to wear nice cloths and live in a nice house, to be interested in what is going on in the world and to get out of his hole. He pointed out to the correlation between economic productivity and the media provisions in different countries in support of his theory. The richest country had the most newspapers, the radios and so on, and the poorest, the least. 2) Diffusion: Everett M. Rogers (1983) approached this with a perspective that had much in common with Lerner, but differed with him somewhat in emphasis. He saw the diffusion of the new ideas and their practice as a crucial component of the modernization process. According to him, the mass communication influence appears to operate by a two step flow process through awareness of the mass media, development of favourable attitudes and adaptation by inter-personal channels, particularly, opinion leaders. We shall discuss this a little more. It has been found that when a message is propagated, a segment of the population adopts it, and develops a positive attitude towards it. This can happen in the case of a product, fertilizer, seeds, ideas, journals, etc. Then, the people who adopt first, directly or indirectly shape the positive attitude of others who remain indifferent to the message. This is true in places where information and literacy levels are low. Simple people would like to get confirmation from the people living in their proximity. You can think about this process in your daily, life. How many times you need information about a product, a book, or about an incident from your friends, classmates, office-mates, neighbours and others. Women, especially, need a lot of confirmation from others before they adopt something. We can go on citing examples. 3) Magic Multiplier: Wilbur Schramms (1964) Mass Media and National Development, which was produced for the UNESCO, became almost a blueprint for development communication. While Lerner and others saw all of the media cutput as having potentially Mnrur Medh end Development odernizing effects, for Schrarnm it was their content that was the key to their use in development. Social change of great magnitude is required. To achieve it, people must be informed, persuaded, educated. Information must flow, eot only to them but also from them, so that their needs can be known, and they might participate in the acts and decisions of the nation-building; and infc :llationmust also flow vertically so that decisions may be made. Works should be organized, and skills should be learned at all levels of society for better utilization of the resources of society. Here is where the mass communication enters the calculus the required amount of information and learning is so vast that only by making effectiveuse of the great information multipliers, the mass media, can the developing countries hope to provide information at the rates their time tables for development demand. Let us elaboratea little. Schramm has very clearly mentioned that a lot of feedback is required when one uses communication for development. It should never be one-way traffic. The users should be able to give feedback to the implementors. This would help the implementors to find out whether or not the communication is meeting their purpose or aim. Schramm has also said that each person could have information required by the work that he would undertake. And there might be thousands and lacs of workers requiring various information. The conventional channels of communication would never be able to meet this demand. Therefore, modem comnpnication technologies would be of great use to meet this demand by multiplying the messages and reaching each and every worker. , . Check Your Progress 3 Note: i) Use the space below for your answers. ii) Compare your answers with those given at the end of this unit. In the previous section you have learnt how Daniel Lemer, Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm saw the role of the media in development activities. Please mention the major ideas thab have been expounded by these great authors. Authors 1) Daniel h e r 3 Ideas on the role bf the media in communication . . 2) Everett M. , Rogers 3) Wilbur Schramm . .. . . . . / ( 2. 5 COMMUNICATION NEEDS AND RESOURCES So far, we have discussed the positive role of communication, and have seen how the 1. But how does communication inputs work to make a developmental programme sc-c one go about formulating the communication strategy or the inputs reqcu,. :or a programme? 1 In planning communication strategy for development, the most important element is identification of communication needs and resources. Unless one is careful about this, or if one overlooks this elements, communication strategy and plan will not be effective, and all efforts will go in- vain. It is necessary to assess carefully the communication needs of the community and the counuy. To identify communication needs and resources of a country, the following process has been suggested by the UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultur;? Organisation): UNESCO Guidelines The collection of basic data and systematic ahalysis of the country upon such bases as population densities, geographic limitations to communication, variety of social structures, ecology and agriculture transportation, physical communication, mobility of population, electrification, industrial capacity, manpower capacity, etc. The production of an inventory of the present communication resources, including the modem and traditional media, and analysis of the variety of present communication structures. Such an inventory should also include the study of the audience, its communication consumption patterns, etc. Critical analysis of the present communication politics (or lack of the same), including such considerations as ownership, structures,decision-making, etc. Critical analysis of the communication needs of each soCiety, especially, inrelation to the existing social and communication structures, and the uses to which communication is put. Analysis of the communication components in all aspects of the national development plans and programs in order to ascertain the communication requirements of the programs, and the . communicationcapacity which is essential to the execution of the plan. These needs must then be reconciled with the means and capacities that are available. A similar process may be followed to identify the communication needs and resources at the institutional or project level or whereverdevelopment activities are in progress. Development Communication Check Your Progress 4 Note: i) Use the space below for your answers. ,A) ii) Compare your answers with those given at the end of this unit. Suppose the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is very concerned about the problem of safe drinking water in the district of Kamrup in Assam. Wateris available, but it is not safe. People in the district are suffering from various water borne diseases. You have been asked to assess (a) the communication needs and (b) communication resources of the district. Taking the UNESCO guidelines into consideration, please mention the steps you would undqiake to complete your assignment. . . . . .. B) Please make a flow-chart of the logical steps, which you have mentioned in A. , . . . . . Mass Media and Develcpmer: 2. 6 STRATEGIES IN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATI ON A strategy is the cmful formulation of plans towards aclie$ng a goal. Since development communication is goal oriented, one has to be careful in planning communication strategies. There may be a number of communication strategies for the achievement of a particular communication goal. There is a need to analyse these very carefully. Since these strategies are formulated in the context of the developing countries, one should give keen consideration to cost-benefit factors before selecting the right strategy. In the modern world, there are number of new technologies, media and techniques, which are available to a communication strategy planner. One has to evaluate these alternativesavailabk to him, using cost-benefit analysis and administrative feasibility. Always, one has to keep in mind the target audience. One should be fully satisfied in answering these questions: Who are the target audiences? What channels are the audiences familiar with? a What should be the language and content of the message? What are the barriers to the free flow of communication? Check Your Progress 5 Note: i) Use the space below for your answer. ii) Compare your answer with those given at the end of this unit. Write below the ten most important points, which are. crucial in preparing a communication strategy for development. 1) ) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) . . . .:.. .. .. .. . : . . i.. .. . . 9) :.. 10) .. 2. 7 CASE STUDIES AND EXPERIENCE So far, we have discussed various aspects of development communication. We have read the definitions of development communication by various authors. We have studied the philosophy of development communication. It is purposive, positive and pragmatic. Then we discussed the emphasis on development communication given by Daniel Lerner, Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm. Communication is a vital element in the whole strategy of development in the Third World countries. The UNESCO has already spelt out the various steps one must take while planning communication strategies for development projects. So f a so good. Now, we shall discuss some case studies, which will give you the experience of implementing development communication. So, experience the reality. Development Conyuniestion 2. 7. Scavenger Development Programme of Iadonesia: Case Study-I Scavenger Development Programme of Indonesia maRes a good case study to illustrate the point that carefully-planned communication strategy can contribute to the development of man and society. This case study is of high relevance under Indian conditions, given the crucial role played by social and economic status factors impinging on the development process. Rivers and canals clogged by plas tic bags, smouldering piles of garbage on the streets and unofficial dump sites in vacant compounds are a common sight in many developing countries. In Indonesia, major cities suffer from water and air pollution caused by wild dumping and burning of waste. There is a group of people counteracting this disaster,, drive not by ecological consciousness but by dire straits-scavengers. The position of these rural migrants in the informal urban sector is controversial as they are regarded as criminals, tramps, or even untouchables by officials and the public. However, the scavengers serve important functions. Environmentally, they shoulder part of the ecological costs of development through recycling waste. As they are selfemployed, the state saves the economic costs of social security payments. And the raw material from recycled waste turns to gold for the formal economy as it has a yearly value of US $50 million in Jakarta alone. The scavengers problems lie in their insecure legal and social status. Together with a lack of overt productivity and economic dependency, they are easy targets for harassment, eviction, corruption and exploitation from middlemen, the private sector and local authorities. And the scavengers have, traditionally, been denied access to local decision-making,loans, education, public services and the media -their contributions left unrecognized. But then, their plight is to be communicated to the other groups of society. They are there in the streets of DJakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, etc. And it is communication, which is bringing a change in their lives and an awareness about their existence in society. We shall discuss it An Integrated Media Approach Some people did recognize the needs and contributions of the scavengers. However, the Scavenger Development Program, financed by Deutsche Gesellschaft fur technichi Zusamrnenarbiet (GTZ) and supported by the Indonesian Home Affairs Department, has been in operation since mid-1991. Implemented by the NGOs in three major cities, Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya, the programme uses an integrated media approach to promote the welfare of the scavengers, foster their sial and communication competence, and highten awareness about the waste management, recycling and the plight of the scavenger. The integrated media approach plans to affect change at various political, economic and social lobbying for policy changes to improve their legal status; improving their public image and social status; increasing their productivity and the value increasing bargaining power; added of recycled products through Mass Media and Development enhancing their participation in local decision-making; developing appropriate technology within the context of an Urban Integrated Resource Recovery System; and educating the public about the. environment. The strategy chosen aims to be not about or for the scavengers, but with and by them. The process of change is designed to occur, internally, within the scavenger population by increasing their self-confidence and ability to command respect and resources, and externally within the broader urban population by communicating with people about the lives, hardships and contribution of this scavenger community. Street Theatre of the Scavenger: Theatre can, at any time, at any place, and almost at any cost, be staged once the principal technique and concepts have been acquired. When linked to the development activity at the local level, the power of the performance increases dramatically. Looking closely at this example, the scavengers structural poverty was connected to a lack of bargaining power, that is, a lack of the abilityto articulate the key factors of the daily life needed for active participation in the social, political and economic sphere. The scavengers live in a culture of silence they have learned from experience that it is safer to keep ones mouth shut as long as housewives,policemen, shop owners or city officials are powerful, and regard them as outlaws. However, when their own views are translated into a medium, like the theatre, that is informative and entertaining to the public at the same time, communication works. Given this chance, the scavengers are able to communicate with people who otherwise would not even take notice of them. The training necessary to achieve this communicative competence is organized by the community media activities from a local NGO. The storyline not only concentrates on problems, but also on solutions suggested and assistance needed by the scavenger groups. The scavengers do the research for the scripts on their own. Their own life stories, humor and word games, local idioms and other forms of interaction become outlets for criticism and eye-opening insights in a form socially acceptable to an audienceof the neighbours and local officials from the communities where the scavengers live and work. Often, theatre performances become a starter for a more continuous dialogue. Always, the performance increases awareness. Exposure Programmes for Journalists:The radio and press journalists from major regions are then invited for oneday workshops, where hard facts on thC scavengers are covered. Afterwards, the journalists are exposed to the real life and the dump shacks, waste processing workshops, and self-initiated scavenger cooperatives and schools. Very often, first-hand experience and discussions with scavengers result in more positive articles and features about their role in society and their environmental contribution. Political Diiogue: Also on the regional level, exposure programmes, seminars and political dialogue are held with officials, private businesses, and donors partially using the media produced in cooperation with them -so the scavengers can lobby for a better legal, economic, and social status. National TV Series: On the national level, a series of 13 episodes on the scavengers living conditions and their ecological and economic contribution to society will be broadcast on the New Educational Channel (IF! ). The programmes are produced by the same NGO that does the theatre training. The scavengers participate in script writing, directing and acting which results in an unusually authentic series. The partly documentary, partly dramatized episodes also show the considerable gains by the scavengers in their newly established competency and cross cultural communication skills. At the same time, the commentatorsin the series suggest ways to help the scavengers recycle waste for ecological and economic reasons. media project, the scavengers have gained bargaining power in their Through the ~ntegrated living situations and at their jobs. The communication process, the mediating NGOs support provides this non-privileged group with access to small and large media and to decision making institutions in the political and economic sphere. Evident through increased recognition outside their own communities, the scavengers have gained self-esteem and confidence in themselves, competence in formulating their problems and needs, and ultimately, respect and rights f o other groups of society. The public is also benefiting from rm the project. Whereas the public had perceived the scavengess to be intellectually crippled. now, two daily newspapers in Surabaya and Jakarta and a radio station in Bandung have begun regular columns or programmes to recognize the complexity of the informal sector. The success belongs to the use of the media delivery system. Not used as an exercise of power and persuasion with the scavengers as passive targets, the informative, educative and entertaining capacity of the media could not just give people a voice, but work for everyone to make it heard and understood. (Development Communication Report, No. 76,199U1) Activity 3 Development Communldon This Indonesian project is very interesting. In India too, we have a large number of rag-pickers. Suppose, the United Nations approaches you and asks you to plan a communication strategy for the rag-pickers of the city of Bombay. How will you plan? What steps will you take to complete your assignment? 2. 7. 2 Site Project: Case Study-I1 Indias biggest experience in using t$e mass media for the purpose of development was the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) of 1975-76. This one year project was primarily undertaken to telecast special developmental programmes through the satellite communication tosix rural clusters, which included a total of 2330 villages, scattered in 20 districts, spread over six states Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Its objectives were to: improve the rural primary school educ. ation, . provide training to the teachers, improve agriculture, health and hygine, and nutritional practice, and contribute to family planning a d national integration After the completion of the project evaluation studies, the results showed that exposure-to developmental messages through the television had contributed for the widening of horizons of the villagers. SITE is one of the biggest and technologically most advanced social experiments in the direct broadcasting for education and evelopment. It is also one of the largest Indo-US experiments in communication conducted so far. In this project, the experimenters main objective,was to provide instantaneous information for national development to those who otherwise would have been deprived of such info~mationfor many years to come due to technological constraints. 28 LET US SUM UP . In this unit, we have discussed various definition of development communication. We h ave differentiated between c o ~ u n i c a t i o nand development communication. Nora Quebral says that development communication is the art andscience of human communication, Rogers is of the opinion that it creates a favourable climate for a developmental pro~ect, Rosario and Braid says that it is an element in the management strategy of a development project. Then we have discussed the philosophy of development communication. And we came across with three major aspects of the philosophy. Development communication is purposive, positive and pragmatic. A natural flow from the philosophy of development communica~ofi ~ C Ithe role of the media is in it. Daniel Lemer is of the opinion that the media would create an empathy among the audience, which would definitely help the projects to achieve the set goals. Rogers says that. the media helps in speeding the information among the masses. But this is done id steps. He says that the diffusion of innovative messages requires opinion leaders who, in turn, influence the users and communicatethe positive points of the said materials. Wilbur Schramm sees-the role of the media in development communication as a magic multiplier. Mass Media and The UNESCO has set some guidelines for using communication in development projects. We have discussed these guidelines. We have learnt to use various strategies of communication after assessing the media habits of the audiences. Towards the ends, we have seen how development communication was applied in projects like that of Indonesia and India The scavengers of Indonesia made their presence felt in Indonesia. They communicated their messages through theatre and forced some newspapers and radio stations to start a new column on them. The beauty of the communication strategy was that it was fully done by the scavengers themselves. 2. 9 FURTHER READING 1 1 Singhal, h i n d and Rogers, Everett M. 1989: Indias Information Revolution sage, New Delhi. Rogers, Everett M. 1983: Diffusion of Innovations The Free Press, New York. Melkote, Srinivas R. 1991: Communication for Development in the Third World; Theory and Practice, Sage, New Delhi. 1 2. 10 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: MODEL ANSWERS Check Your Progress 1) Development communication is a segment of the discipline of communication. It is applied in developmental projects to help the users attain the desired result. The development communication is purposeful and uses all the skills available in the audio visual and print media. It is an art and a science. It is applied for economic growth with a view to bring social equality and help persons develop their f d potential. It creates a favourable climate for the developmental projects, and it provides support to a specific programme in a specific way. It is an element in the management process of a project. It desires to provide benefit at the grassroots level. i f 2) A) B)